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Gettysburg, The Third Day

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July 3, 1863

Lee Will Try The Center Of The Union Line

More Death

The Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg

As the third day of battle began at Gettysburg the North and South combined had already suffered approximately 35,000 casualties. This casualty number was the highest yet for a Civil War battle. Yet on July 3, the number of casualties would only increase, with more and more injuries and deaths. After this day, the normally peaceful crossroads town of Gettysburg would forever be in the lore of American history.

The management of the Army of Northern Virginia had not been at its best on the second day of battle at Gettysburg. It’s a fact that during the Battle of Gettysburg General Robert E. Lee was suffering from a common malady of soldiers in the Civil War… Lee had a bad case of diarrhea. Diarrhea was not a laughing matter for a Civil War soldier. With its accompanying weakness and dehydration, diarrhea was a leading killer in the Civil War. During the Civil War disease killed twice as many soldiers as battle injuries.

The Confederate assaults were not coordinated, while the Union had been effective in responding with counterattacks during the second day of battle. The Union left and right flanks were Lee’s targets for destruction on July 2, but now they remained securely in Union control. Lee’s ailment at Gettysburg may have affected his clarity of mind and judgment, but this is speculation.

Late the evening of July 2, General George G. Meade held a council with his generals. They determined to stay at Gettysburg and wait for Lee to attack and if Lee did not attack their lines, then they would attack his lines. General Lee had tried the left and right flanks of the Union line without success. Now on July 3, he would try the center of the Union line. The Union army would be waiting.

An Artillery Bombardment As Never Before

Robert E. Lee

Robert E. Lee

General Lee planned a three-pronged attack upon the Union line on the third day of battle. After an artillery barrage, General George Pickett’s division was to attack the center of the Union line. Cavalry led by General Jeb Stuart (Stuart and the cavalry had arrived late at Gettysburg. Stuart’s cavalry was the eyes and ears of the Army of Northern Virginia, it was supposed to keep Lee apprised of the Army of the Potomac’s location, but had failed to do so. During much of the Gettysburg campaign Lee did not know exactly where the Union army was, this put Lee at a disadvantage.), would take a circular route around the Union rear and attack there. General Ewell would again be attacking the Union right flank. With both ends of the Union line pinched, Lee expected to break through the Union line’s center… and win.

The center of the Union line would first have to be weakened before it could be overcome and broken. General Longstreet used a huge artillery concentration of 150 guns for a two-hour bombardment of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. The Union artillery responded in kind, so the artillery duel consisted of approximately 300 guns all blasting away at once. This was an enormous amount of artillery in action at once and it was heard 140 miles away in Pittsburgh. The artillery fire on the third day of Gettysburg was described as one of the loudest noises ever heard in North America.

Despite the extraordinary noise and clamor of the Confederate artillery bombardment upon Cemetery Ridge it was for the most part, ineffective. The Confederate artillery aim was too high and many of the awful missiles soared harmlessly over the Union infantry safely hunkered down behind stone walls and breastworks. There was still death and destruction, but not as much as Lee needed before his infantry attacked the Union center.

In a cunning move, the Union artillery had slackened its fire. By slowing its artillery fire, the Yankees kept their guns ready and spared ammunition for use on the Rebel infantry when it advanced. The Yankees hoped that by slowing their rate of fire, they might lead the Confederates to believe they were running out of ammunition, and that the bombardment had been successful in blowing apart Union guns and troops. However, the Union guns and troops had not been totally blown apart and there was still plenty of ammunition available to fire at gray uniformed targets.

Pickett’s Charge

Friday July 3, 1863 at Gettysburg was a steamer. The morning was hazy with the air humid and heavy. Around noon, the sun burned through and added to the heat. The Yankees on Cemetery Ridge were busy the night before reinforcing their defensive breastworks with limbs, stones, dirt, and whatever else, that would provide them cover. The Confederate attack was sure to soon come, the blue uniformed troops shifted into position.

The time spent by the Union troops on Cemetery Ridge as they waited and prepared for the Confederate attack must certainly have been a nervous ordeal. Perhaps there was enough time and composure of mind for these soldiers to tend to a few common tasks like eating, brewing and drinking coffee, tending to equipment, writing a letter (perhaps the last ever to be written) home, or praying. There can be little doubt that across the space of the great open field and pasture that separated the men in blue from their enemy, the men in gray performed some of the same tasks and made similar prayers to God to pass their own nervous time… before whatever was to become of them all.

George Pickett

George Pickett

“General Pickett rode to confer with Alexander, then to the ground upon which I was resting, where he was soon handed a slip of paper. After reading it he handed it to me. It read: ‘If you are coming at all, come at once, or I cannot give you proper support, but the enemy’s fire has not slackened at all. At least eighteen guns are still firing from the cemetery itself.
Alexander.’

Pickett said, ‘General, shall I advance?’‘”
…General James Longstreet, describing events before Pickett’s Charge. Edward Porter Alexander commanded Longstreet’s artillery.

 

“Up, men, and to your posts! Don’t forget today that you are from Old Virginia!“
…General George E. Pickett, to his men just before Pickett’s Charge. Many of these men never returned to “Old Virginia.”

“It ain’t so hard to get to that ridge – The hell of it is to stay there.“
…The thoughts of a Confederate soldier, just prior to Pickett’s Charge.

James Longstreet

James Longstreet

At 1:45 in the afternoon, General James Longstreet ordered the attack on the Union center. Confederate infantry numbering 15,000 began to move across a half mile of open ground. Pickett’s Charge had begun. Union artillery opened fire upon the advancing Confederates quickly mowing many of them down. Union infantry protected behind breastworks, held their fire… waiting patiently for the enemy lines to come closer into better range. The Confederates paused a few hundred feet from the Union line to somewhat reorganize themselves for the final assault. A small clump of trees near an angle of a stone wall became the aim of the Confederate’s advance. Now the Union artillery used canister and the shotgun-like fire tore Confederate men apart into bits and pieces. The Confederates continued to come closer to the Union line.

Learn Civil War History Podcast: William Faulkner’s Pickett’s Charge Quote


The Retreat Of The Confederate High Tide

All Lee’s Fault – All Good Men Must Rally

Gettysburg Day Three Overview. Map by Hal Jespersen, www.cwmaps.com.

Gettysburg Day Three Overview. Map by Hal Jespersen, www.cwmaps.com.

Despite the instant death from canister and infantry fire now raining down hard on them, General Pickett’s men bravely held their lines. Death spread like wildfire and Pickett’s division lost 75% of its men. Incredibly, about two or three hundred Confederates from Virginia and Tennessee were able to break through the Union line.

Confederate General Lewis Armistead was able to place his hand on a Yankee cannon, just before he was mortally injured. The few charging Rebels able to break into the Union line were met by deadly point-blank fire. Soon, hand-to-hand fighting began. It all only lasted about half an hour, then it was over. Defeated, the Confederates began their retreat from Cemetery Ridge. Of the 15,000 Confederates who advanced across the open field toward Cemetery Ridge, only about half returned across the half-mile. The “High Tide of the Confederacy” was washed away.

“It’s all my fault, it is I who have lost this fight, and you must help me out of it the best way you can. All good men must rally.”

…General Robert E. Lee, to the men of Pickett’s Charge as they return to their lines after being repulsed by the Yankees.

“This has been a sad day for us, Colonel, a sad day; but we can’t always expect to gain victories.”

…General Robert E. Lee, to Colonel A. J. Lyon Fremantle of the British Army, at the end of fighting at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863.

A Union Victory

Meade Does Not Pursue The Army Of Northern Virginia

George G. Meade

George G. Meade

Meade and the Union had won a major victory at Gettysburg. General Lee’s invasion of the North was both incomplete and unsuccessful, but it was finished. Both Meade’s and Lee’s armies were exhausted and spent after the three-day battle at Gettysburg. Meade cautiously pursued Lee’s retreating Army of Northern Virginia, but the Confederates crossed the Potomac River and escaped. President Abraham Lincoln wanted the Army of Northern Virginia destroyed and was unhappy Lee’s army escaped back to Virginia. Lincoln said Meade’s chase after Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia was like: “an old woman trying to shoo her geese across a creek.”

“You will, however, learn before this reaches you that our success at Gettysburg was not so great as reported-in fact, that we failed to drive the enemy from his position, and that our army withdrew to the Potomac. Had the river not unexpectedly risen, all would have been well with us; but God, in His all-wise providence, willed otherwise, and our communications have been interrupted and almost cut off.”

…General Robert E. Lee, writing to his family after the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg. This quote is from: Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee, by Captain Robert E. Lee, His Son.

Aftermath: The Horror Of The Battlefield

“In many instances arms and legs and sometimes heads protrude and my attention has been directed to several places where hogs were actually rooting out the bodies and devouring them.”

…A description of the Gettysburg battlefield three weeks after the July 1-3, 1863 battle. This quote is from a letter written to Andrew Curtain, the governor of Pennsylvania, by David Willis. Willis was a banker and civic leader.

The Virginia Memorial

Today at the Gettysburg National Military Park, you will find many monuments and statues. The Virginia Memorial at Gettysburg was dedicated in 1917 by the state of Virginia. This statue shows Confederate General Robert E. Lee on his famous gray warhorse, Traveller. All of Traveller’s legs are on the ground, indicating that General Lee died of natural causes.

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Gettysburg, The Second Day
Gettysburg, The First Day

Gettysburg, The Second Day

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“The Enemy Is There, And I Am Going To Attack Him There”

July 2, 1863

The Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg

During the night of July 1, the Confederate and Union armies continued to arrive at the crossroads town of Gettysburg.

As dawn came on July 2, approximately 65,000 Rebels and 85,000 Yankees faced each other over Gettysburg’s terrain. The Union held the high ground with a fishhook-shaped line stretching along Cemetery Ridge. At each end of the Union line there were hills. Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill on the right end, Little Round Top and Big Round Top on the left.

Confederate General Robert E. Lee wanted the high ground taken from the Federals. In a discussion with his “Old War Horse” General James Longstreet, Lee explained as he pointed towards Cemetery Hill:

“The enemy is there, and I am going to attack him there.”

James Longstreet Disagrees With Lee’s Plan

James Longstreet

James Longstreet

James Longstreet had doubts about attacking the Yankees at Gettysburg on the second day. Longstreet did not think attacking the enemy on their high ground was the wisest thing to do. “Old War Horse” James Longstreet preferred another plan.

Longstreet’s idea was for the Army of Northern Virginia to turn the Union’s south flank and position itself between the Army of the Potomac and Washington. Longstreet’s plan would compel General Meade and his troops to attack on ground chosen by the Confederates to their advantage. Longstreet thought the tactical defensive position was best, but General Lee preferred aggressive offensive movements. The Army of Northern Virginia would follow General Robert E. Lee’s plan, not Longstreet’s.

This is one of the great questions for debate of the Civil War… what if the Confederates had followed Longstreet’s plan instead of Lee’s on the second day of battle at Gettysburg?

Lee’s strategy was for Longstreet to attack the Union’s left flank at Little Round Top and Big Round Top. Meade would have to send troops to the left flank to answer Longstreet’s attack. General Ewell would attack the Union right flank at Culp’s Hill. If this plan worked, the Confederates would overtake both of the Union flanks, gain the high ground, and win the battle… and maybe the war.

Lee wanted Longstreet to begin his attack as soon as possible on the morning of July 2. Due to various reasons (In light of Longstreet’s disagreement with Lee over the Gettysburg battle plans, some historians question Longstreet’s diligence in proceeding with his attack on the Union left flank, that perhaps Longstreet was purposely stalling. This is speculation, and there are factors that should be studied carefully before this conclusion is made. This is a fun topic of debate for Civil War students.) Longstreet did not have his troops into position until 4:00 in the afternoon.

Part of the problem Longstreet had getting his men into position, was that the Yankees were not where they were supposed to be on their left flank. Union General Dan Sickles and the 3rd Corps were supposed to be in position to hold the Union left flank.

Dan Sickles

Dan Sickles is an interesting character and he deserves some attention.

Dan Sickles shoots and kills Philip Barton Key II

Dan Sickles shoots and kills Philip Barton Key II

Before the Civil War, Daniel Edgar Sickles was a lawyer and a legislator. From 1853 to 1855 he served as President Franklin Pierce’s London Legation (at the time, the United States did not yet have formal embassies). Sickles was elected to the New York Senate, then served as a Democrat in the United States Congress from 1857 to 1861.

In 1859 while serving in the United States Congress, Dan Sickles shot and killed Philip Barton Key at LaFayette Park, which was located across the street from Sickles’ home and the White House. Key was having an affair with Mrs. Sickles, so Sickles killed him. Philip Barton Key was the son of Francis Scott Key, the composer of “The Star Spangled Banner”.

Temporary Insanity

For the following trial, Sickles chose Edwin Stanton as his defense attorney (Stanton would later serve as Abraham Lincoln’s Secretary of War). Stanton used a unique and new tactic to defend Sickles. Stanton claimed Sickles was innocent of murder because he was temporarily insane when he killed his wife’s lover. The jury agreed and Congressman Sickles was found innocent.

After killing her paramour, Sickles publicly forgave his wife and took her back. This outraged the public. It seems the public understood the business of an outraged husband shooting and killing his cheating wife’s lover (Sickles had the public’s understanding and sympathy during all this drama), but for the husband to then forgive his wife and take her back, well, that was just too much for people to stomach in 19th century America. With the loss of voter support, Sickles’ political career ended.

Dan Sickles

Dan Sickles

At the start of the Civil War, Dan Sickles saw opportunity and a fresh start for himself. After all, there is nothing like a war to help turn your life around.

Sickles raised the Excelsior Brigade of New York City and later in June of 1861, he was commissioned as Colonel Sickles of the 20th New York. The politician Sickles new military career was now successfully underway. Perhaps the former congressman (and also formally temporarily insane) Dan Sickles went off to war humming the “The Star Spangled Banner” to himself… fighting as he was to save the Union. Nevertheless, Sickles was now back on both of his feet. Would he be able to hang onto both of the legs those feet were attached to?

On July 2, 1863, Dan Sickles was at Gettysburg as the General of the 3rd Corps. As fate would have it, it was Sickles who had the duty of holding the crucial left flank of the Union line. The terrain at the south end of Cemetery Ridge concerned the politician General Dan Sickles. It was low and exposed ground.

Sickles’ Unauthorized Move

General Dan Sickles took it upon himself to make an unauthorized movement of his two divisions half of a mile forward to ground that was higher and along a road running from Gettysburg. Now his troops were positioned at the Peach Orchard and in an area congested with rocks and large boulders below Little Round Top. This rocky area was Devil’s Den.

Sickles unauthorized move had provided his troops and himself with better ground as it was higher and easier to defend, but now his troops were no longer connected with the rest of the Union’s line. More importantly, the Union crucial positions of Little Round Top, Big Round Top, and the Union left flank, were now all completely undefended.

General Meade was furious when he learned what Sickles had done. Meade ordered Sickles back to his original position, but Sickles had no time to follow Meade’s orders. At 4:00 in the afternoon “Old War Horse” James Longstreet finally (Lee had wanted Longstreet to make this attack as early as possible on the 2nd) began his attack on the Union left.

The Round Tops

Little Round Top Must Be Held At All Hazards

Gettysburg Day Two Overview. Map by Hal Jespersen, www.cwmaps.com.

Gettysburg Day Two Overview. Map by Hal Jespersen, www.cwmaps.com.

The Confederate troops advanced on the Yankees. Colonel William C. Oates and the 15th Alabama made their way to the top of Big Round Top. From three hundred feet above the field of action, Oates could see that if artillery were moved to the heights of Little Round Top, then he could tear the Federal lines apart with cannon fire. Only a Union signal station occupied Little Round Top, so there was opportunity for the rebels, a brigade of Alabamians advanced on the smaller of the Round Tops. General Meade had sent General Gouverneur K. Warren, the chief topographical engineer for the Army of the Potomac, and a young lieutenant named Washington Robeling to Little Round Top to scout out the situation.

Warren and Robeling quickly realized the dire circumstances for the Union at Little Round Top. Dan Sickles and his men had their hands full fighting the advancing Confederates in the Peach Orchard, and even as Warren and Robeling surveyed the situation Hood’s Texan troops were busy advancing up the rocky ravine between Little Round Top and Big Round Top. Warren called for reinforcements and four regiments were sent from the Union 5th Corps. One of these regiments was the 20th Maine, led by Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain.

These Union 5th Corps troops were desperately needed to hold Little Round Top secure. If Little Round Top fell to the Confederates, then the entire control of the Union lines would be lost, and probably so too, the Battle of Gettysburg.

Chamberlain was ordered to hold Little Round Top “at all hazards.”

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and The 20th Maine

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

The 350 men of the 20th Maine double-timed up Little Round Top and took positions behind boulders and whatever cover they could find. With no time to spare, Chamberlain sent troops from his Company B to between the two Round Tops to cover the left flank.

Soon… very soon, Colonel Oates and his Alabamians came on Chamberlain’s men and for almost two hours the men from Maine and Alabama fought it out in deadly fighting. The Confederates made repeated assaults and finally one-third of Chamberlain’s men were either injured or killed, and the rest were completely or nearly out of ammunition. The Confederates were now preparing for another assault. Colonel Chamberlain and the 20th Maine, and the Union left flank, were in very serious trouble. With quick thinking, Chamberlain ordered part of his remaining line to drop back until it formed a right angle with the rest of the Union line.

Fix Bayonets

Chamberlain had two choices, either advance or retreat. He chose to advance and ordered his men to fix bayonets. The right of the Maine regiment held its position while the left side made a running advance down the hillside of Little Round Top towards the Alabamians. The Union advance wheeled to its right during this advance, “like a great gate upon a post“ according to a witness.

The Confederates were shocked and taken by surprise with this bold movement, some surrendered and others ran. As the Confederates ran they took more fire from Chamberlain’s Company B, which had taken cover behind a stone wall. The Alabamians were now caught in crossfire.

Colonel Chamberlain and the 20th Maine had held Little Round Top for the Union. The left flank of the Yankee line was secure. Later, Chamberlain would receive the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions at Gettysburg.

The Peach Orchard

Sickles Loses A Leg To Stand On

General Sickles and his troops were still fighting the Confederates in the Peach Orchard and they were in bad shape. The rebels were giving them hell.

Soon Sickles himself would personally be in bad shape too. Confederate artillery was tearing into Sickles’ men and they were giving up ground as they fought in places called the Wheat Field, Devil’s Den, and the Valley of Death.

Dan Sickles without leg and with his staff.

Dan Sickles without leg and with his staff.

During all this, General Dan Sickles’ right leg was blown off below the knee.

Sickles was carried from the field calmly smoking a cigar. He would survive his wound, but never again would he stand on both of his own two legs. Sickles donated his amputated right leg to an army medical museum and in the years after the Civil War he would occasionally stop by the museum to visit with his right leg.

A Gap In The Union Line

Union reinforcements from Cemetery Ridge had hurried to the Wheat Field and this opened a gap in the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. Now, an Alabama brigade saw the weakness in the center of the Union line and rushed to take advantage of it. The 1st Minnesota was only a small regiment and General Winfield Scott Hancock orderd it to meet the advancing Confederates. With only 262 men in its force, the 1st Minnesota charged down a slope toward 1,600 advancing Confederates. Of the 262 Minnesotans, only 47 of them were not hurt or killed. The 1st Minnesota had 82 percent of its men fall within the first five minutes of their fight. The casualties suffered by the 1st Minnesota was the highest taken by a Union regiment in the entire Civil War. The Minnesotans were successful despite their severe losses, they had filled the gap in the center of the Union line.

Ewell Attacks The Union Right

Just before dark, Confederate General Ewell staged an attack on the right flank of the Union line. Ewell’s attack had been delayed for various reasons, this action was supposed to be coordinated with Longstreet’s advance upon the Union left flank… which itself occurred later than planned. Ewell’s attacks on Culp’s Hill and East Cemetery Hill were repulsed.

Night came on Gettysburg’s second day of battle.

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